DESCRIPTION
id: 6471f756-24df-4995-8df1-7210b37aac4f
displayName: DESCRIPTION SECTION
FDA Article Code: 34089-3
Doxycycline hyclate is a broad-spectrum antibiotic synthetically derived from oxytetracycline. The chemical designation is 4-(Dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,5,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacene-carboxamide monohydrochloride, compound with ethyl alcohol (2:1), monohydrate. Doxycycline is a light-yellow crystalline powder. Doxycycline Hyclate is soluble in water.
Doxycycline has a high degree of lipoid solubility and a low affinity for calcium binding. It is highly stable in normal human serum. Doxycycline will not degrade into an epianhydro form.
The structural formula is as follows:
Each tablet for oral administration contains doxycycline hyclate equivalent to 100 mg of doxycycline (anhydrous). Inactive ingredients are: Colloidal Silicon Dioxide, Corn Starch, Croscarmellose Sodium, Docusate Sodium, Magnesium Stearate, and Microcrystalline Cellulose. Film Coating and Polishing contains: FD&C Blue No. 2, FD&C Yellow No. 6, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Polyethylene Glycol, and Titanium Dioxide.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
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displayName: CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION
FDA Article Code: 34090-1
Tetracyclines are readily absorbed and are bound to plasma proteins in varying degree. They are concentrated by the liver in the bile, and excreted in the urine and feces at high concentrations and in a biologically active form. Doxycycline is virtually completely absorbed after oral administration.
Following a 200 mg dose, normal adult volunteers averaged peak serum levels of 2.6 mcg/mL of doxycycline at 2 hours decreasing to 1.45 mcg/mL at 24 hours. Excretion of doxycycline by the kidney is about 40%/72 hours in individuals with normal function (creatinine clearance about 75 mL/min). This percentage excretion may fall as low as 1-5%/72 hours in individuals with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance below 10 mL/min). Studies have shown no significant difference in serum half-life of doxycycline (range 18-22 hours) in individuals with normal and severely impaired renal function.
Hemodialysis does not alter serum half-life.
Results of animal studies indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta and are found in fetal tissues.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
id: 80ac1f97-329e-4281-9da7-1e2a0200721e
displayName: INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION
FDA Article Code: 34067-9
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain effectiveness of Doxycycline and other antibacterial drugs, Doxycycline should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
id: 85e77e91-0835-412c-be4a-2a5842750bef
displayName: CONTRAINDICATIONS SECTION
FDA Article Code: 34070-3
This drug is contraindicated in persons who have shown hypersensitivity to any of the tetracyclines.
WARNINGS
id: 6827b7ce-bf5c-495e-8043-98294433d9dd
displayName: WARNINGS SECTION
FDA Article Code: 34071-1
THE USE OF DRUGS OF THE TETRACYCLINE CLASS DURING TOOTH DEVELOPMENT (LAST HALF OF PREGNANCY INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD TO THE AGE OF 8 YEARS) MAY CAUSE PERMANENT DISCOLORATION OF THE TEETH (YELLOW-GRAY-BROWN). This adverse reaction is more common during long-term use of the drugs, but it has been observed following repeated short-term courses. Enamel hypoplasia has also been reported. TETRACYCLINE DRUGS, THEREFORE, SHOULD NOT BE USED IN THIS AGE GROUP, EXCEPT FOR ANTHRAX, INCLUDING INHALATIONAL ANTHRAX (POST-EXPOSURE), UNLESS OTHER DRUGS ARE NOT LIKELY TO BE EFFECTIVE OR ARE CONTRAINDICATED.
Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents, including doxycycline, and may range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Therefore, it is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who present with diarrhea subsequent to the administration of antibacterial agents.
Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon and may permit overgrowth of clostridia. Studies indicate that a toxin produced by Clostridium difficile is a primary cause of “antibiotic-associated colitis.”
After the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis has been established, therapeutic measures should be initiated. Mild cases of pseudomembranous colitis usually respond to discontinuation of the drug alone. In moderate to severe cases, consideration should be given to management with fluids and electrolytes, protein supplementation, and treatment with an antibacterial drug clinically effective against Clostridium difficile colitis.
All tetracyclines form a stable calcium complex in any bone-forming tissue. A decrease in fibula growth rate has been observed in prematures given oral tetracycline in doses of 25 mg/kg every 6 hours. This reaction was shown to be reversible when the drug was discontinued.
Results of animal studies indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta, are found in fetal tissues, and can have toxic effects on the developing fetus (often related to retardation of skeletal development).
Evidence of embryotoxicity has also been noted in animals treated early in pregnancy. If any tetracycline is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.
The antianabolic action of the tetracyclines may cause an increase in BUN. Studies to date indicate that this does not occur with the use of doxycycline in patients with impaired renal function.
Photosensitivity manifested by an exaggerated sunburn reaction has been observed in some individuals taking tetracyclines. Patients apt to be exposed to direct sunlight or ultraviolet light should be advised that this reaction can occur with tetracycline drugs, and treatment should be discontinued at the first evidence of skin erythema.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
id: e748a69c-221c-4cd4-a805-11c1adda94da
displayName: ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION
FDA Article Code: 34084-4
Due to oral doxycycline’s virtually complete absorption, side effects of the lower bowel, particularly diarrhea, have been infrequent. The following adverse reactions have been observed in patients receiving tetracyclines:
Gastrointestinal: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, glossitis, dysphagia, enterocolitis, and inflammatory lesions (with monilial overgrowth) in the anogenital region. Hepatotoxicity has been reported rarely. These reactions have been caused by both the oral and parenteral administration of tetracyclines. Rare instances of esophagitis and esophageal ulcerations have been reported in patients receiving capsule and tablet forms of the drugs in the tetracycline class. Most of these patients took medications immediately before going to bed. (See
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
).
Skin: maculopapular and erythematous rashes. Exfoliative dermatitis has been reported but is uncommon. Photosensitivity is discussed above. (See
WARNINGS
).
Renal toxicity: Rise in BUN has been reported and is apparently dose related. (See
WARNINGS
).
Hypersensitivity reactions: urticaria, angioneurotic edema, anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid purpura, serum sickness, pericarditis, and exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Blood: Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and eosinophilia have been reported.
Other: bulging fontanels in infants and intracranial hypertension in adults. (See
PRECAUTIONS – General
).
When given over prolonged periods, tetracyclines have been reported to produce brown-black microscopic discoloration of the thyroid gland. No abnormalities of thyroid function studies are known to occur.
OVERDOSAGE
id: 0da28c68-28c5-4962-840e-8197e5e66203
displayName: OVERDOSAGE SECTION
FDA Article Code: 34088-5
In case of overdosage, discontinue medication, treat symptomatically and institute supportive measures. Dialysis does not alter serum half-life and thus would not be of benefit in treating cases of overdosage.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
id: 045003ea-7d64-44f1-9ee6-6946a2b30f90
displayName: DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION
FDA Article Code: 34068-7
Other dosage forms of doxycycline may be more appropriate to meet some of the dosing recommendations listed below.
THE USUAL DOSAGE AND FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTRATION OF DOXYCYCLINE DIFFERS FROM THAT OF THE OTHER TETRACYCLINES. EXCEEDING THE RECOMMENDED DOSAGE MAY RESULT IN AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS.
HOW SUPPLIED
id: 87d55ed2-5d03-4f68-873a-00eb4b7b8d98
displayName: HOW SUPPLIED SECTION
FDA Article Code: 34069-5
Doxycycline Hyclate Tablets USP, equivalent to 100 mg doxycycline: Film coated orange, round, unscored tablets imprinted “WW 112”. Bottles of 14 tablets.
Bottles of 20 tablets.
Bottles of 30 tablets.Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from light and moisture.
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP using a child-resistant closure.
ANIMAL PHARMACOLOGY AND ANIMAL TOXICOLOGY
id: 63cf2d36-7aed-469e-9d1a-cd66e7bce1c8
displayName: ANIMAL PHARMACOLOGY & OR TOXICOLOGY SECTION
FDA Article Code: 34091-9
Hyperpigementation of the thyroid has been produced by members of the tetracycline class in the following species: in rats by oxytetracycline, doxycycline, tetracycline PO4 and methacycline; in minipigs by doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline PO4, and methacycline; in dogs by doxycycline and minocycline; in monkeys by minocycline.
Minocycline, tetracycline PO4, methacycline, doxycycline, tetracycline base, oxytetracycline HCI, and tetracycline HCI were goitrogenic in rats fed a low iodine diet. This goitrogenic effect was accompanied by high radioactive iodine uptake. Administration of minocycline also produced a large goiter with high radioiodine uptake in rats fed a relatively high iodine diet. Treatment of various animal species with this class of drugs has also resulted in the induction of thyroid hyperplasia in the following: in rats and dogs (minocycline); in chickens (chlortetracycline); and in rats and mice (oxytetracycline). Adrenal gland hyperplasia has been observed in goats and rats treated with oxytetracycline.
References
id: d8d9ff7f-8e9c-4f93-8c97-36b4bfe29abe
displayName: REFERENCES SECTION
FDA Article Code: 34093-5
- National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests, Fourth Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M2-A4, Vol. 10, No. 7 NCCLS, Villanova, PA, April 1990.
- National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically, Second Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M7-A2 Vol. 10, No. 8 NCCLS, Villanova, PA, April 1990.
- Friedman JM and Polifka JE Teratogenic Effects of Drugs. A Resource for Clinicians (TERIS). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 2000:149-195.
- Cziezel AE and Rockenbauer M. Teratogenic study of doxycycline. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89:524-528.
- Home HW Jr. and Kundsin RB. The role of mycoplasma among 81 consecutive pregnancies: a prespective study. Int J Fertil 1980; 25:315-317.
- Hale T. Medications and Mothers Milk. 9th, edition. Amarillo, TX. Pharmasoft Publishing 2000; 225-226.
Manufactured By:
West-Ward Pharmaceutical Corp.
Eatontown, NJ 07724
Repackaged By:
Rebel Distributors Corp.
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
